Chapter 17 Part II: Absolutism in Russia

Terms to Outline

• Mongol Yoke -- effect on future leadership in Russia
• Ivan I ("Moneybags")
• Ivan III
• service nobility
• Ivan IV ("the Terrible")
• "Time of Troubles"
• Romanov dynasty
• Peter the Great
• westernization
• St. Petersburg

Questions to Consider

• How might the Mongol Yoke have influenced future leaders (like Ivan III) in ruling Russia?  What allowed Ivan to stop acknowledging the authority of the khan?
• In what ways does Ivan IV ("the Terrible") make the continued push towards absolutism in Russia?
• Consider the role of the service nobility and the cossacks.
• How is Russian society transformed at the beginning of the Romanov dynasty?
• How did Peter the Great's military rule affect the strength of Russia and Peter's prestige?
• What is westernization and why might it have elevated Russia's status?
• Why was the relocation of Russia's capital to St. Petersburg significant?

Chapter 17 Part I: Absolutism in Austria and Prussia

Terms to Outline:

• serfdom (e.g. new laws to restrict movement of serfs)
• hereditary subjugation
• Bohemian Estates -- what happens to them in the Thirty Years' War
• robot
• Ferdinand III
• Suleiman the Magnificent
• Jannisaries
• Pragmatic Sanction
• Brandenburg
• Frederick William, the "Great Elector"
• Junkers
• Frederick William I

Questions to Consider:

• Why did serfdom decline in Western Europe and not in Eastern Europe?  What did the monarchy have to do with this?
• What was the status of Austria and Prussia after the Thirty Years' War?
• How do the Habsburgs move towards a more absolutist state after the Thirty Years' War?
• How did the Ottoman Turks and the Hungarians pose a threat to the Habsburgs and absolutism?
• What was the state of Brandenburg after the Thirty Years' War?  How does Frederick William, the "Great Elector" make the move towards absolutism in Prussia?
• How does Frederick William I later solidify absolutism in Prussia?

Chapter 16 Part III: English Constitutionalism and the English Civil War

Terms to Outline

• Constitutionalism
• Role of the English Gentry
• James I
• Charles I
• Petition of Right
• "ship money"
• "Short Parliament"
• "Long Parliament"
• English Civil War
• Cavaliers
• Roundheads
• Oliver Cromwell
• Pride's Purge and "Rump Parliament"

Questions to Consider

• Why did constitutionalism grow in popularity in England?  What does it say about the leadership of James I and Charles I?
• How and why did religion play a role in the move towards constitutionalism in England?

Chapter 16 Part II: Absolutism in France: The Age of Louis XIV

Terms to Outline

• Louis XIV
• The Fronde
• The Estates General
• corvee
• Mercantilism
• Bullionism
• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Wars of Louis XIV
• War of Devolution (First Dutch War)
• War of Spanish Succession
• Treaty of Utrecht

Questions to Consider

• Why was Louis XIV considered the quintessential absolutist ruler?  What characteristics of his rule make him differ from his predecessors?
• What are the various ways that Louis XIV controls various social classes?
• How did Jean Baptiste Colbert develop the French economy?  What were the limits of these economic improvements (hint: wars)?
• Why was Louis XIV constantly at war during his reign, and what was the result?

Chapter 16 Part II: Absolutism in France: The Age of Louis XIV

Terms to Outline

• Louis XIV
• The Fronde
• The Estates General
• corvee
• Mercantilism
• Bullionism
• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Wars of Louis XIV
• War of Devolution (First Dutch War)
• War of Spanish Succession
• Treaty of Utrecht

Questions to Consider

• Why was Louis XIV considered the quintessential absolutist ruler?  What characteristics of his rule make him differ from his predecessors?
• What are the various ways that Louis XIV controls various social classes?
• How did Jean Baptiste Colbert develop the French economy?  What were the limits of these economic improvements (hint: wars)?
• Why was Louis XIV constantly at war during his reign, and what was the result?

Chapter 16 Part I: Intro to Absolutism in France

Terms to Outline

• Absolutism's characteristics
• contrast with absolutism in Eastern Europe
• divine right of kings
• contrast with totalitarianism
• Absolutism in France
• Henry IV (of Navarre)
• Duke of Sully
• Mercantilism
• other economic reforms under Sully
• Louis XIII
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Intendent system
• The Fronde
• Cardinal Mazarin
• Impact on Louis XIV

Questions to Consider

• What made absolutism attractive to 17th century monarchs?  
• How did absolutism in western Europe differ from that of eastern Europe? (We will also discuss this more in Chapter 17)
• Was absolutism the same as totalitarianism?  Why or why not?
• To what extent was absolutism "absolute" in France?  How does the role of the Duke of Sully, Cardinal Richelieu, and Cardinal Mazarin help us address this question?

Chapter 15 Part V: Life in the 16th and 17th Centuries

No Terms

Questions to Consider:

• To what extent did the status of women improve in 16th and 17th century Europe?
• What were the causes and results of the European witchcraft hysteria?
• Why did the slave trade industry shift from European (white) to African (black) slavery?

Chapter 15 Part IV: Religious Wars Part II: The Thirty Years' War

Terms to Identify:

• Thirty Years' War
• Bohemian Phase
• Danish Phase
• Swedish Phase
• International Phase
• Peace of Westphalia

Questions to Consider:

• Why did France side against the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years' War?
• Why was the Peace of Westphalia so significant for the future of religion and Europe, and how did it affect the status of the Holy Roman Empire?

Chapter 15 Part III: Religious Wars Part I: France and Spain

Terms to Identify:

• Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
• St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
• War of the Three Henrys
• politiques
• Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)/Edict of Nantes
• Revolt of the Netherlands/Union of Utrecht
• Spanish Armada

Questions to Consider: 

• What differentiated the Habsburg-Valois Wars from the religious wars of the 17th century?  What accounted for this change?
• What were some of the reasons for religious warfare in the 16th century?  How did they vary based on country?
• What accounted for religious strife in France, and what major step did Henry IV take to remedy this?
• How do the happenings between Spain and the Netherlands predict the future of religion in Europe?

Chapter 15 Part II: The Age of Exploration Part II: Impact of Exploration, Conquistadores, Slavery, and the Columbian Exchange

Terms to Outline: 

• Ferdinand Magellan
• Hernando Cortes
• Francisco Pizarro
• "Golden Century of Spain"
• Columbian Exchange

Questions to Consider:

• What economic impact does exploration have on Spain?
• Why is the Columbian Exchange significant?  Did it have a greater effect on Europe or the New World?

Chapter 15 Part II: The Age of Exploration Part II: Impact of Exploration, Conquistadores, Slavery, and the Columbian Exchange

Terms to Outline: 

• Ferdinand Magellan
• Hernando Cortes
• Francisco Pizarro
• "Golden Century of Spain"
• Columbian Exchange

Questions to Consider:

• What economic impact does exploration have on Spain?
• Why is the Columbian Exchange significant?  Did it have a greater effect on Europe or the New World?

Chapter 15 Part I: The Age of Exploration Part I

Terms to Outline:

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomew Diaz
• Vasco da Gama
• Technological innovations
• caravel
• compass
• astrolabe
• General History of the Indies
• Treaty of Tordesillas (look up--not mentioned in McKay)
• Christopher Columbus
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa (also might have to look up outside of the text)

Questions to Consider:

• What motivated various countries to begin exploring new areas?  Why did Portugal lead the way and then Spain?
• How does the text regard Columbus's achievements (or perhaps, lack thereof)?  Why was Columbus credited with so much achievement if he is considered so cruel?

Chapter 14 Part IV: The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Terms to Outline:

• Council of Trent
• Index of Forbidden Books
• Jesuits
• Spanish Inquisition
• Ursuline order of Nuns

Questions to Consider:

• How effective were the various strategies employed by the Catholic church to stop the spread of Protestantism?  Were some more effective than others?  Why or why not?
• Which were the more extreme tactics employed by the Catholic church?  While immediately effective, could they actually have worsened the status of the church in the long run?
• What was the long term impact of Jesuits on education?

Chapter 14 Part III: The Spread of the Reformation

Terms to Outline:

• Calvinism
• Predestination
• Consistory
• Protestant Work Ethic
• Presbyterianism
• Huguenots
• Dutch Reformed Church
• Puritans
• Anabaptists
• English Reformation
• Henry VIII
• Church of England
• Act of Supremacy
• Edward VI
• Mary Tudor
• Elizabeth I
• Elizabethan Settlement

Questions to Consider:

• How did other new forms of Protestantism (such as Calvinism) emerge?  Why might they have become popular in certain areas?
• Why was the English Reformation different from the Protestant Reformation in general?  What impact did it have on the relationship between the English state and the church? How did it impact the general population?

Chapter 14 Part II: Reactions to Lutheran Reformation/Martin Luther's Trial

Terms to Outline:

• Diet of Worms
• Edict of Worms
• Confessions of Augsburg

Questions to Consider

• What were Luther's beliefs about the achievement of salvation, the authority of the pope and the bible, and the sacraments?
• How did Charles V (HRE) address Luther? (Use the article on the Trial of Martin Luther to help you answer this question)

Chapter 14 Part III Germany and the Spread of the Lutheran Reformation

Terms to Outline: 

• Habsburgs
• Charles V
• Peasant's War/German Peasants' Revolt
• 
  

Questions to Consider:

• How did the Protestant Reformation spread into various regions of the Roman Empire?
• Why was Germany susceptible to the spread of Protestantism?
• Who prompted the Peasant's revolt in Germany? Who inspired them, what were their demands, and what was the result?
• How did the end of the Habsburg-Valois Wars (under the Peace of Augsburg) affect the status of Protestantism in Germany?  What does this demonstrate about the power struggle between Charles V and the Germany princes?

Chapter 14, Part I: The Origins of the Protestant Reformation

Terms to Outline:

• Absenteeism
• Pluralism
• Simony
• Martin Luther
• Jonathan Tetzel
• 95 Theses
• Johann Eck
• Diet of Worms
• Edict of Worms
• Confessions of Augsburg

Questions to Consider

• Describe the lifestyles of church officials and how this affected the church following.
• In what areas did church membership remain strong, and morals remain unquestioned?  Why?
• Why did Martin Luther emerge as the figurehead of the Protestant Reformation, when there were several other church reformers that preceded him (i.e. John Wyclif, Marsiglio de Padua, etc.)?
• What were Luther's beliefs about the achievement of salvation, the authority of the pope and the bible, and the sacraments?
• How did Charles V (HRE) address Luther?

Chapter 13, Part III: Renaissance Art

Terms to outline:

• Michelangelo and/or Donatello
• Machiavelli's  The Prince
• The printing press

Questions to Consider

• How did artists reflect the intellectual hallmarks of the Renaissance that we discussed last time?
• What, according to Machiavelli, should the ideal ruler be like?  What does this suggest about the people's ability to self-govern?
• Why was the printing press such a monumental invention? How did it facilitate communication, and what implications might this have for the power of the common man?  For religion?
• The text suggests that women's status declined during the Renaissance.  How did this happen?
• Consider sexuality among men and women during the Renaissance.  How does it display inequality and women's lower status?
• Compare and contrast European slavery with that of the Americas. 

Chapter 13, Part II: The Renaissance in Northern Europe

Terms to Outline

• Thomas More
• Erasmus
• Rebelais

 Questions to Consider

•  How did northern European's Renaissance views differ from those in Italy?
• How is this demonstrated in the views of Thomas More, Erasmus, and Rebelais? 

• How did Renaissance art and architecture in the North differ from that of Italy?
• Consider the works of Jerome Bosch and examples of architecture.

Chapter 13, Part I: The Italian Renaissance

Terms to Outline:

Meaning of the word "Renaissance"
Communes
popolo
Signori
oligarchy
individualism
humanism
secular spirit 

Questions to Consider:

• Why did the Renaissance originate in Italy?
• What competitions existed as to who governed in the Italian city-states?
• How did rule become despotic by 1300?
• How did the Italian city states maintain a balance of power?  Why was this important? 
• How were individualism, humanism, and the secular spirit considered new ways of thinking?
• Name some examples of humanist thinkers.  Why were their ideas considered new?
• Does religion exist concurrently with these new beliefs?  How?
• Why might the classical subjects revived by the Renaissance have declined in importance during the Medieval era?

Chapter 12, Part II: The Decline of the Church's Prestige and Life of the People

Terms to outline:

• The Babylonian Captivity
• The Great Schism
• The Conciliar Movement
• Marsiglio of Padua/Defensor Pacis
• John Wyclif
• Marriage
• Prostitution
• Fur-collar Crime
• Ethnicity and Race

Questions to Consider:

• Why did the pope succumb to the pressure to move to France?
• What caused the Great Schism and how did various countries respond to the Church's split?
• Why did the Conciliar movement start?  What does it demonstrate about the Church's authority?
• What was Marsiglio of Padua and John Wyclif's view of the Church?
• Describe the process of marriage in the Middle Ages.  What were the roles of husband and wife?
• What place did prostitution have during the middle ages?
• Why were nobles committing crimes?
• How were people of different ethnicities treated?

Chapter 12, Part III: The Hundred Years War

Terms to Outline:

Causes of the War:

• Edward III's claims
• Land Disputes
• Flemish Wool Trade

Course of War:

• Crecy
• Agincourt
• Joan of Arc/Orleans

Effect of War:

• Economic
• Political

Questions to Consider:

• What were the multiple reasons for Edward III laying claim to France and the French throne?
• What motivated ordinary citizens to support the war?
• What military advantages did England have over France?
• Why was Joan of Arc so crucial towards France's victory?
• Why did England support having a representative assembly while France did not?

Chapter 12, Part I: Prelude to the Crisis and the Black Death

Key Terms/Ideas to Outline:

Little Ice Age
"Great Famine"
Origin of Plague
Spread of Plague
Role of Church During Plague
Economic Effects of Plague
Social Effects of Plague

Questions to Consider:

• What caused the economic downturn in Europe in the 14th century?  Which countries were hit the hardest, and why?
• How do you think the crisis of the early 14th century affected the lives and families of average Europeans?  How might their families and/or jobs change as a result?
• Consider the strength of political leadership in the early 14th century.  What kind of leader was Edward II?  How might this have exacerbated the crisis?
• What was the cause of the Black Death?
• How did the Black Death spread?
• How did it affect the European economy and society?